Contents

1.0 Executive Summary of Project

2.0 Communication Plan Purpose

3.0 Communications Strategies

3.1 Proactive Communication

3.2 Reactive Communication

4.0 Communication Materials

4.1 Fact Sheets and resources links

4.2 Key References and relevant links

4.3 Informational Brochures and Community Engagement Resources

5.0 Target Product Profile

5.1 Description, indication and use

5.2 Attributes and labeling

5.3 Contraindications, warnings

5.4 Specific Use

5.5 Phenotype and genotype

5.6 Mitigation

5.7 Recall

5.8 References

6.0 Risks Assessment and Risk Management

6.1 Development of Risk Management by means of Risk Assessment

6.2 Based on the likelihood of events occurring

6.3 Impact on Community

6.4 Impact on Environment

6.5 Response /Reaction Strategies Recall

6.6 Mitigation

6.7 Key messages and Supporting Points

6.8 Target Product Profile

6.9 Risk Assessment Report

6.10 Independent risk assessment (for release)

7.0 Guidelines for Media Requests

7.1 General Rule

7.2 General Recommendations

7.3 Requests by phone

7.4 Requests in-person at Project facilities

7.5 Requests for an interview

7.6 Requests for interview at press conference

7.7 Spontaneous interview requests

8.0 Guidelines Questions & Answers

8.1 Questions related to Biodiversity/Biotechnology/Gene Drive

8.2 Questions Stakeholders May Ask

8.3 Questions Related to the Community

8.4 Questions Related to the Organization

8.5 Government Related Questions

9.0 Identification and monitoring of project related media events

10.0 Funding

1.0 Executive Summary of Project

The University of California Irvine, Malaria Initiative (UCI MI) seeks to promote the discovery and development of novel science for the goal of malaria eradication. This mission is accomplished by providing the necessary intellectual, resource, and infrastructure support to test novel genetics-based, sustainable technologies to prevent malaria transmission. The featured activities include development and field-testing of genetically-engineered strains of malaria vector mosquitoes in collaboration with scientists and public health personnel from disease-endemic countries. Vector population modification strategies (also known as population replacement or alteration) employ genes designed to interfere with malaria parasite transmission coupled with highly efficient gene-drive systems. These strategies can play a crucial role in the malaria eradication agenda by providing resistance to parasite and competent vector reintroduction and will allow resources to be focused on new sites while at the same time providing confidence that treated areas remain malaria free.

2.0 Communication Plan Summary

Communication strategies (including media vehicles, spokespeople and visual materials) will be developed for use by the site community, study team and stakeholders in an attempt to increase the community’s understanding of the project goals, benefits and risks. The communication strategies will provide the selected site community, stakeholders and team members with communication guidelines and a mitigation plan for adverse events. The strategies will minimize misunderstanding, safeguard against misinformation that the community may encounter and enhance relationships with the community. The aims of the strategies are:

To be responsive to the needs of stakeholders in the selected site in a timely and sensitive manner.
To be responsive to regulatory bodies in a timely, consistent and accurate manner
To create and strengthen stakeholder relationships
To provide accessibility to all aspects of the project
To provide transparency in the conduct of the project

3.0 Communication Strategies

The UCI MI is dedicated to following the highest ethical standards for introduction of new technologies. As part of this commitment, this communication plan provides transparency of information and creates pathways for dialogue and communication with all relevant community members and stakeholders.

3.1 Proactive Communication

We will generate communication criteria and materials necessary to create the optimal conditions for the project goals and overall success. Our strategies include the development and deployment of:

Risk Assessment
Open house/lab access and tours by the site community
Website access and links, informational documents, newsletters
Brochures in English and site-appropriate languages
Phone line access
Email access
Education
Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures
Regulatory/Governmental Submission and Approvals
Description of recall/mitigation process

We will enable consistent, accessible and transparent communication with the community and key stakeholders in an effort to create and strengthen relationships of trust and build support and understanding of the project and project goals.

We will provide strategic information to project team members and partners in order to support them in their role in achieving project goals.

Communication training will be provided to the field team or any member of the team involved in community engagement at the selected field site.

3.2 Reactive Communication

The communication strategy includes a reactive approach and encompasses the following elements:

Risk assessment and the preventative approach for the main scenarios that can affect the project. For any Adverse Event the first contact is the Principal Investigator. Examples of such possible events are:
- Unintended release
- Miscommunication
- Mitigation
- Any untoward event even if temporal

Unexpected events

Identification and monitoring of possible adverse events by all team members
Reporting adverse events in a timely manner (within 48 hours) of events to Principal Investigator
General guidelines for handling relationships with the media and requests
- Anthony A. James, Principal Investigator (PI) 949-824-5930
- Tom Vasich, UCI Media tmvasich@uci.edu 949-824-6455
- Sentelle Eubanks, Project Management (PM) sentelle@uci.edu 949-824-2606

A strategic mapping/observation of media is done by the Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research, which currently monitors media and press https://genedrivenetwork.org/
Team Members are directed to contact Tom Vasich, Director of Media Relations (email: tmvasich@uci.edu ), regarding any media contact and to clear press releases through the University of California, Irvine, Strategic Communications, and Public Affairs to provide criteria for media analysis, indicate media influence, and support the tailoring of messages and communication materials. All media and materials are to be reviewed by the Principal Investigator and Tom Vasich prior to release.

4.0 Communication Materials and Relevant Links

The documents listed below are available on the UCI MI Resources website http://malaria.bio.uci.edu/resources/

4.1 Fact Sheets and Resources

Background : http://malaria.bio.uci.edu/download/4/resources-english/193/background.pdf

Mission Statement and Goals :

http://malaria.bio.uci.edu/download/4/resources-english/194/mission-statement-and-goals.pdf

Research Conduct : http://malaria.bio.uci.edu/download/4/resources-english/191/research-conduct.pdf

Collaborations : http://malaria.bio.uci.edu/download/4/resources-english/192/collaborations.pdf

4.2 Key References and Relevant Links

Arthropod containment guidelines : http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/153036603322163457

Gene drives on the horizon: Advancing science, navigating uncertainty, and aligning research with public values / National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine https://www.nap.edu/read/23405/chapter/1

Guidance for contained field trials of vector mosquitoes engineered to contain a gene drive system: Recommendations of a scientific working group / Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/vbz.2007.0273

Guidance framework for testing of genetically modified mosquitoes / World Health Organization http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/year/2014/Guidance_framework_mosquitoes.pdf

Pathway to Deployment of Gene Drive Mosquitoes : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882508

Principles for gene drive research: Sponsors and supporters of gene drive research respond to a National Academies report / Science : http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6367/1135.full

Safeguarding gene drive experiments in the laboratory / Science : http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6251/927

UCI Institutional Biosafety Committee : https://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/biosafety/ibc/index.html

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) : https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/home/

A Regulatory Structure for Working with Genetically Modified Mosquitoes: Lessons from Mexico / Ramsey et al (2013) : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3952825/

Engineered Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum Development in Transgenic Anopheles stephensi / Isaac et al (2011) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080844/

Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi / Gantz et al (2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4679060/

Population modification of Anopheline species to control malaria transmission / Carballar et al (2017) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20477724.2018.1427192

Transgenic Anopheles stephensi coexpressing single-chain antibodies resist Plasmodium falciparum development / Issac et al (2012) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396534/

Chapter 19. Impact of Genetic Modification of Vector Populations on the Malaria Eradication Agenda, by Vanessa Macias and Anthony A James / Macias et al (2015) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128002469000193 [GL11] [SE12]

4.3 Informational brochures and Community Engagement Resources

To be provided by CE consultant pending...

5.0 Target Product Profile (TBD RBK CO)

5.1 Description, indication and use

5.2 Attributes and labeling

5.3 Contraindications, warnings

5.4 Specific Use

5.5 Phenotype and genotype

5.6 Mitigation

5.7 Recall

5.8 References

6.0 Risk Assessment (in partnership with site collaborators)

6.1 Development of Risk Management by means of Risk Assessment

6.2 Based on the likelihood of events occurring

6.3 Impact on Community

6.4 Impact on Environment

6.5 Response /Reaction Strategies Recall

6.6 Mitigation

6.7 Key messages and Supporting Points

6.8 Target Product Profile

6.9 Risk Assessment Report

6.10 Independent risk assessment (for release)

7.0 Guidelines for Media Requests

7.1 General Rule

When in contact with the media, any member of the Project shall explain to the reporter that he/she needs an authorization on behalf of the University of California to provide information. All inquiries are to be directed to the PI, Anthony A. James aajames@uci.edu (949) 824-5930 and Tom Vasich tmvasich@uci.edu (949) 824-6455

7.2 General Recommendations

Team Members shall not respond with “No comments” to a reporter, nor ignore the request or call from a media representative. This can be perceived negatively by media, which can provoke harmful coverage and/or suspicion for non-transparency.

It is also not recommended to respond to a question regarding a subject that is outside of your area of expertise, or of which you do not have broad knowledge. If you are approached with this type of request, please use the examples below for guidance:

Inappropriate answer: “I’m sorry, I´m not prepared to respond to that question”, or “I do not have a response”.

Appropriate answer: “Your question is very interesting, and I would like to provide a well-structured response in return. I will put you in contact with the Principal Investigator, Dr. James or Tom Vasich, who will provide all the necessary information for you.”

Team members shall NOT provide personal information to media representatives at an interview, press conference, or casual encounter. This prevents the media from having direct contact with him/her, publishing information on his/her behalf, and/or jeopardizing control of the information. It also protects team members from exposure to personal confrontations.

7.3 Requests by phone

Always take the call
Ask which reporter and media is requesting information
Ask which section of the media outlet wishes to publish the information
Listen to request carefully
Respond that the proper follow-up will be made to his request by appropriate responder
Inform the PI or Tom Vasich for follow-up indications and/or process

7.4 Requests in-person at Project facilities

Advise security personnel about proper response to reporters (see laboratory SOP)

Media should be asked to leave their information for later follow-up
EHS, ULAR might need notification (ask the UCI lab manager Judy Coleman (949) 824-3210 or Sentelle Eubanks Project Manager (949) 824-2606.)

7.5 Requests for an interview

Team members who receive requests for an interview will notify the PI prior to speaking with a reporter. The same information gathered for requests over the phone should be obtained at the time of the request and this information will be provided to the PI.

The PI, Anthony A. James (949) 824-5930, and or Tom Vasich (949) 824-6455 will contact the reporter and prepare brief.
The Project Manager, Sentelle Eubanks (949) 824-2606, or Administrative Analyst, Rhodell Valdez (949) 824-8546, will coordinate date and time with media and the Principal Investigator.
The PI, Dr. James, shall be present in the interview, personally or by phone.
If the PI is unavailable, or it is determined another member of the team should provide the interview, the team member providing the interview will be briefed by the PI/administrative team prior to the interview.
Confidential information shall never be presented in any form (printed, electronic) that is visible to the reporter during the interview (examples of confidential information are personally identifiable information such as addresses phone numbers, family members).
The reporter shall be greeted, and escorted, in and out of the facility and never be left alone.
The PI, PM or CE[WS21] will follow-up with the reporter after the interview.

7.6 Requests for Interview at press conference

Respond only during Q&A session.
PM will be responsible for follow-up on questions left without response during the event.
Media shall always be thanked for attending.

7.7 Spontaneous interview Requests

Greet the media cordially.
Always ask for detailed information about the reporter and the media source.
Listen to questions carefully, take notes, include names and contact information.
If not appropriate/convenient to respond, refer to general recommendations and appropriate response in section 6.2 or defer to Tom Vasich.
If the reporter insists, maintain a calm, kind and professional demeanor. Maintain posture of appropriate response in section 6.2.

8.0 Guidelines Questions & Answers

8.1 Questions Related to Biodiversity/Biotechnology/Gene Drive

How does Gene-Drive work?

Gene-drive is a way to spread beneficial genes through mosquito populations at rates much higher than usual. Ordinarily, most genes are inherited by one-half (50 percent) of the offspring in the next generation. Mosquito gene-drive technologies result in close to 99 percent of the progeny having the desired gene.

Will any part of the environment/ecosystem be affected with this product? (Flora, fauna, insects or humans)

No. This product targets only the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and its ability to transmit the parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. It does not remove any animal or food source from the ecosystem. It does not affect agriculture.

Population modification of Anopheles gambiae strains offers a low cost, sustainable solution to eliminate malaria. Population modification helps protect biodiversity by reducing the use of insecticides, and this method of changing the mosquito is not intended to eliminate mosquito populations or any other species in the food chain in which wild mosquitoes may be a part.

Are any species in collateral danger due to this experiment?

No species are in danger as a result of this experiment.

Are animals that usually feed on this mosquito in any risk?

No, no animals are removed from the food chain.

How do you add or subtract parts of the mosquito?

We modify the genetics of the mosquito by introducing beneficial genes into the insect. This is done by giving the insect an injection of the malaria parasite resistance genes. These genes can then be passed on to offspring. These genes give the mosquito a resistance to the malaria parasite P. falciparum that they can pass on genetically. The insects also can be given genetic markers, such as fluorescence, that make monitoring the progress easier. We can see or test insects to determine which insects have received the beneficial gene.

6. What happens if a modified mosquito bites someone?

The effect of a mosquito bite under such a circumstance would not pose any additional or extraordinary effect other than what any wild (unmodified) mosquito would. The difference is that the mosquito would not be able to transmit the parasite that is responsible for malaria into the person who was bitten.

Have you done this before?

Yes. Modified mosquitoes (flightless females) were released in test cages in Mexico. They were designed for population suppression to reduce the incidence of dengue fever. You can read about this here:

A Regulatory Structure for Working with Genetically Modified Mosquitoes: Lessons from Mexico

Janine M. Ramsey, 1 J. Guillermo Bond, 1 Maria Elena Macotela, 1 Luca Facchinelli, 2 , 3 Laura Valerio, 2 , 4 David M. Brown, 5 Thomas W. Scott, 2 and Anthony A. James 5 , 6 , *

Field cage studies and progressive evaluation of genetically-engineered mosquitoes.

Facchinelli L1, Valerio L, Ramsey JM, Gould F, Walsh RK, Bond G, Robert MA, Lloyd AL, James AA, Alphey L, Scott TW. Author information Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America. luca.facchinelli@uniroma1.it

Other researchers have released mosquitoes in the Cayman Islands, Brazil and other sites.

Oxitec, a private company, has released modified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to suppress their population. Aedes aegypti can carry diseases such as Zika, chikungunya, dengue fever, and yellow fever. The mosquitoes they release are engineered to pass on a “self-limiting” gene to prevent mosquitoes from surviving into adults, which reduces their numbers.

Target Malaria is a nonprofit organization using the population suppression strategy on mosquitoes in Sub-Saharan Africa. They believe that by reducing the number of mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite, they can reduce the incidence of malaria.

8.2 Questions Stakeholders May Ask

1. How do you know this product works?

The product was tested in the laboratory and verified by DNA sequencing and by visible markers (color markers), which are part of the beneficial gene provided to the mosquitoes. These colors tell scientists that the beneficial genes are present and working in the insects. The sequencing confirms that the ingredients of the beneficial genes are correct.

2. When will you know if this is a successful project?

The success of the project will be measured by the spread of the beneficial genes into the existing wild population and a reduction in the insect’s ability to transmit malaria. We are able to test the mosquitoes for the parasite P. falciparum. We will be checking for the ratio of altered mosquitoes relative to the natural, unaltered, population as well as the incidence (number of new cases per year) of malaria in the area, which will be compared to the incidence of malaria prior to the release of the modified insects.

3. Who will obtain commercial benefits from this?

The UCI MI is a University of California team of researchers that are not-for-profit. There will be no commercial benefits from this prevention strategy to the University. The goal is to give countries and communities one more tool to add to existing tools to eliminate malaria. It is expected to reduce the burden of the disease on local governments.

4. What happens if the project does not work? How will the process be stopped?

The project adheres to the World Health Organization Guidelines and the National Academies of Sciences guidance, and will follow events in real time observations.

5. Instead of using experimental release, why don´t you use insecticides?

Insecticides can harm other animals and insects in the environment and enter into food chains. They are also only as effective as used. Many countries are experiencing increased insecticide resistance among mosquitoes. Not all countries and people have adequate access to pesticides and pesticide treated bed nets. The use of these modified insects that can fly and disperse on their own, is intended to require minimum effort and expense.

These insects are seen as an addition to pesticide treated nets, medicines, and existing vector control methods. They are part of a joint effort to end malaria. Only together can we eliminate malaria.

8.3 Questions Related to the Community

‘First, the community comprises at least those individuals who share identified risks associated with the proposed research project. Second, that the community is not pre-existing and established, but rather takes form progressively in response to specific aspects of the research and to CE [community engagement] activities associated with the project. Characterizing the community identifies the individuals, groups, organizations, and agencies that have legitimate interests in the research so that they can be engaged effectively and in a timely manner.’ Lavery et al.(2010, Trends in Parasitology)

Lavery, J.V., Tinadana, P.O, Scott, T.W., Harrington, L.C., Ramsey, J. M., Ytuarte-Nuñez, C. and James, A.A. (2010) Towards a framework for community engagement in global health research. Trends in Parasitology 26, 279-283. PMID: 20299285

1. Does the Island community know about the project and the risks involved?

All work and decisions related to the project have been, and will continue to be, done in partnership with country XX. Project information and Community Engagement strategies are site-specific and adapted to the community where we are working.

Information about identified risks will be communicated and community concerns will be addressed. This experiment only affects a single target mosquito species and its ability to transmit malaria.

2. When did you start the project in the selected site? Why has it been such a long process?

It takes time to build relationships and trust. We started the project in 2017. To ensure safe and ethically-sound release trials, it requires information gathering from many sources. We have engaged experts in mathematical modeling, entomology, genetics and engagement. This combined expertise is driving the decision-making in collaboration with leadership at selected sites.

3. What is the timeframe for the project?

The general timeframe for the project is 5 years; however, it is subject to several factors that make it difficult to set a specific time frame. Natural phenomena such as weather and other site specific factors such as: change in government, regulatory requirements, and stakeholder engagement can delay the project timeline .

4. Who is the owner of the lands that you are using for the release?

Provide map of area, numbers of insects to be released etc. XXXX TBD

5. What will happen to these lands after this project? …More experiments?

These lands are destined only for this specific project. Once it has been completed, we will do follow-up and continue to monitor the released insects and how they spread and to see if they carry malaria. We will be looking for the number of altered strain of mosquitoes as well as the incidence of new infections of malaria. The local government and communities will retain their previous rights to the property.

6. Why are American researchers involved? Can´t XXX do it alone?

This project brings together the best possible team of researchers and scientists, regardless of background and nationality, who are at the forefront of the fields of mosquito genetics, entomology, computer modeling and ethics/culture/social considerations. The team includes XXX local scientists, who are a vital part of this team.

7. Have you spoken to local people? What have you told them? How have you explained this?

We are very involved with the community. We have developed printed materials, on-line resources and audio-visual presentations to introduce and inform all parties on project goals. Community engagement and community consent will be carried out with members of the community about the project through talks, materials, education and on-site personnel in order to assure that everyone receives information about the project.

We will conduct Community Consent prior to any release.

8. Are you involving local professionals and community members in the project?

The local team is an integral part of the project. We need everyone to be involved in the project as well as the continuation of regular vector management to help assure that malaria is successfully eliminated from this location. This project provides a part of the whole effort. Only together can we eradicate malaria. Local government, scientists, and vector control experts will continue the work after the University of California project staff departs. They can continue the effort to eliminate malaria at this location using this new tool in the prevention of malaria.

9. Why did you select an island community? In case of an ecological tragedy they won’t have the resources to defend themselves. Did you do it for this reason?

Our overall goal for site selection was to select a site that will maximize the prospects for success, minimizes risk and serve as a fair, valid and convincing test of the performance of the GEM being evaluated. Island sites were considered the best for a host of reasons. Initial evaluation of GEM will be most useful if conducted at a site where malaria biology is least complex, for example at sites with one or a few vector species present. Islands have well-defined boundaries which make it easier to develop release and post-release surveillance easier. With respect to mitigation, it would be a simple and inexpensive to remove mosquitoes using conventional mosquito control on an island should that be necessary. We work closely with local and federal governments, who supervise our work, and we jointly ensure that this project does not pose a threat to the community in any way.

8.4 Questions Related to the Organization

1. Why is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation supporting this project?

They believe in “the reduction of burden of infectious disease on poorer countries. Malaria is a preventable disease and the cure is available. Yet many countries -disproportionately poor- struggle to manage this disease, which impacts human lives as well as the countries’ economic potential.” You can read about their work at https://www.gatesfoundation.org/

2. Who supervises the work of this project?

Dr. Anthony A. James, Distinguished Bren Professor from the University of California, Irvine is the Principal Investigator.

8.5 Government Related Questions

1. What will be the cost benefit if malaria is reduced or eliminated?

The economic impact of malaria is estimated to cost Africa $12 billion every year. (https://www.malariafreefuture.org/malaria ). Its impact on economy cannot be understated. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2624/

2. How much does the government save if malaria is reduced?

A study by J. L. Gallup and J. D. Sachs indicates that countries with intensive malaria grew 1.3% less per person per year, and a 10% reduction in malaria was associated with 0.3% higher growth. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2624/

They speculate about the mechanisms that could cause malaria to have such a large impact on the economy, such as foreign investment and economic networks within the country.

3. What is the government’s expenditure on malaria prevention/treatment?

According to the Kaiser Family Foundation report on the “Presidents Malaria Initiative” U.S. funding for bilateral malaria control efforts and research activities was $961 million in FY 2018.

The 2017 World Malaria Reports states that in 2016, annual global spending on malaria was estimated at US$ 2.7 billion. This report also suggests that the increased life-expectancy resulting from malaria mortality reductions observed between 2000 and 2015 can be valued at US$ 1810 billion in the WHO African Region (range US$ 1330–2480 billion), which is equivalent to 44% of the gross domestic product of the affected countries in 2015.

4. How much is this experiment costing the selected site?

The University of California, Irvine Malaria Initiative is paid for by an endowment for distinguished professor, Dr. Anthony A. James and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Together they fund the project.

It should have little or no cost to the selected site and the UCI Malaria Initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are funding the project. Some of the initial funding was by the WM Keck Foundation.

9.0 Identification and monitoring of project related media events

The timely identification and monitoring of project-related events allows the UCI MI to act accordingly either in a proactive or a reactive form in order to protect and inform the community and project members.

This identification and monitoring takes place as a daily and permanent activity through the examination of community engagement, and national and international media outlets such as: television, newspaper, and online media. Coverage is considered important in cases of localized outlets as much as in those of national impact and relevance.

Media monitoring is carried out by the Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research.

The Outreach Network for Gene Drive Research supports coordination among members, information sharing, and engagement with key stakeholders, in order to raise awareness of the value of gene drive research for the public good and of the need for continuous efforts in its advancement.

The Network’s members are researchers and organizations working on gene drive research for public interest, organizations involved in outreach, stakeholder engagement and other relevant fields, as well as funders or supporters of these activities.

Current members of the Network are Island Conservation (a Genetic Biocontrol of Invasive Rodents partner), Target Malaria, the Wellcome Trust, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Ifakara Health Institute, the UCI Malaria Initiative, McMaster Institute on Ethics & Policy for Innovation, and Malaria No More.

All Members commit to the Network’s statement of mission and principle. The core activities of the network are supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. All the Members contribute to the Network through their participation in its activities, and/or through financial contribution to support specific activities. General support to the Network is provided by a Secretariat managed by Emerging Ag Inc.

10.0 Funding

Funded by the University of California Irvine, Malaria Initiative a Anthony A. James Endowment and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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